User data breaches expose personal information, causing financial loss, identity theft, and eroding trust in digital platforms and organisations.

Non-relative guardians are individuals who take legal responsibility for a child's care and upbringing but are not biologically or legally related to the child. This includes foster parents, adoptive parents outside the family, or other appointed caregivers.

Dying languages lose native speakers, eroding cultural identity and knowledge, while preservation efforts struggle against global linguistic dominance.

Online learning refers to education delivered through digital platforms, allowing students to access courses and materials remotely. Over the past decade, it has grown rapidly due to advances in technology, increased internet access, and flexibility for learners. The COVID- 19 pandemic further accelerated adoption, making online education a mainstream option worldwide, with millions of learners engaging in virtual classrooms and hybrid models.

By 2025, most countries have introduced minimum wage laws or frameworks. These can take the form of statutory minimum wages set by national governments or wage levels established through binding collective bargaining agreements between employers and trade unions.

Malaysia MADANI Fiscal Policy is the government's economic framework emphasising sustainability, inclusivity, y, and and good good governance. It aims to balance economic growth with social equity, focusing on responsible spending, targeted subsidies, and strategic investments to strengthen national resilience while reducing inequality and fostering long-term prosperity

An official state language is the legally recognised language used by a country or state for government, legislation, and public communication, symbolising national identity, unity, and cultural representation in official affairs. The current Sarawak State languages are Bahasa Malaysia and English.

Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS), the dominant coalition in Sarawak, holds 23 of Malaysia's 222 federal parliamentary seats, contesting solely within the state. Public debate has recently emerged over the prospect of a future Prime Minister originating from Sarawak.

A tax-free zone is a designated area where businesses enjoy exemptions or reductions on taxes and duties, encouraging trade, investment, and economic activity within that zone.

Traditional sports in Malaysia, such as diabolo spinning, sepak takraw, and silat, hold deep cultural significance amongst their respective communities. These sports have seen a decline in popularity in recent years in favour of more global sports such as badminton, squash, and cycling.

Many governments introduce environmentally motivated policies, sometimes funding them by taxing end users. Such taxes aim to promote sustainability, yet also increase costs for consumers and businesses.

Private companies have increasingly acquired or funded forest areas, presenting this as part of wider climate and sustainability initiatives. These actions are often linked to carbon offset schemes, where credits are purchased to balance emissions by supporting projects that reduce or absorb carbon dioxide.

Militarisation involves deploying troops, establishing bases, or using military infrastructure in contested locations. Cultural or religious sites are sometimes fortified, escalating disputes. For instance, Cambodia and Thailand stationed forces at the Preah Vihear Temple, a disputed heritage site, sparking tensions that developed into armed clashes.

The United Nations was founded in 1945 to maintain peace through diplomacy, cooperation, and conflict prevention. Over time, however, it has increasingly relied on military peacekeeping and armed interventions, deviating from its original role as a neutral peace-maker and mediator of disputes.

“Emo culture” is a style of music and fashion that became popular in the 2000s, with bands like My Chemical Romance leading the trend. It often focuses on themes of sadness, heartbreak, and self-expression, and was also seen in Malaysia through bands like Bunkface and Hujan. While many young people embraced it as an outlet for their feelings, others criticized it for being too dark. Today, with emo bands making a comeback, this culture is resurfacing in the entertainment industry.